Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)

Andrea Antal, Jovana Bjekić, Ana Ganho-Ávila, Ivan Alekseichuk, Sara Assecondi, Til Ole Bergmann, Marom Bikson, Jerome Brunelin, Andre R Brunoni, Leigh Charvet, Robert Chen, Roi Cohen Kadosh, Lukas Diedrich, Giordano D’Urso, Roberta Ferrucci, Saša R Filipović, Paul B Fitzgerald, Agnes Flöel, Flavio Fröhlich, Mark S George, Roy H. Hamilton, Jens Haueisen, Mark Hallett, Christoph S Herrmann, Friedhelm C Hummel, Shapour Jaberzadeh, Berthold Langguth, Michal Lavidor, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, Carlo Miniussi, Vera Moliadze, Mika Nikander, Stevan Nikolin, Michael A Nitsche, Alexander Opitz, Jacinta O’Shea, Frank Padberg, Christian Plewnia, Alberto Priori, Perianen Ramasawmy, Lais B Razza, Simone Rossi, John Rothwell, Maria A Rueger, Giulio Ruffini, Alexander T Sack, Ricardo Salvador, Klaus Schellhorn, Teresa Schuhmann, Yuichiro Shirota, Hartwig Roman Siebner, Axel Thielscher, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Susanne Uusitalo, Anna Wexler, Walter Paulus, Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt, Vincent Van Waes, Maximilian J Wessel, Miles Wischnewski, Chris Baeken, Ulf Ziemann

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DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436
Published: 2026-04
Container: Clinical Neurophysiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Open access: unknown

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Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436,
  title = {Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)},
  author = {Andrea Antal and Jovana Bjekić and Ana Ganho-Ávila and Ivan Alekseichuk and Sara Assecondi and Til Ole Bergmann and Marom Bikson and Jerome Brunelin and Andre R Brunoni and Leigh Charvet and Robert Chen and Roi Cohen Kadosh and Lukas Diedrich and Giordano D’Urso and Roberta Ferrucci and Saša R Filipović and Paul B Fitzgerald and Agnes Flöel and Flavio Fröhlich and Mark S George and Roy H. Hamilton and Jens Haueisen and Mark Hallett and Christoph S Herrmann and Friedhelm C Hummel and Shapour Jaberzadeh and Berthold Langguth and Michal Lavidor and Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur and Carlo Miniussi and Vera Moliadze and Mika Nikander and Stevan Nikolin and Michael A Nitsche and Alexander Opitz and Jacinta O’Shea and Frank Padberg and Christian Plewnia and Alberto Priori and Perianen Ramasawmy and Lais B Razza and Simone Rossi and John Rothwell and Maria A Rueger and Giulio Ruffini and Alexander T Sack and Ricardo Salvador and Klaus Schellhorn and Teresa Schuhmann and Yuichiro Shirota and Hartwig Roman Siebner and Axel Thielscher and Yoshikazu Ugawa and Susanne Uusitalo and Anna Wexler and Walter Paulus and Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt and Vincent Van Waes and Maximilian J Wessel and Miles Wischnewski and Chris Baeken and Ulf Ziemann},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},
  doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)
AU  - Andrea Antal
AU  - Jovana Bjekić
AU  - Ana Ganho-Ávila
AU  - Ivan Alekseichuk
AU  - Sara Assecondi
AU  - Til Ole Bergmann
AU  - Marom Bikson
AU  - Jerome Brunelin
AU  - Andre R Brunoni
AU  - Leigh Charvet
AU  - Robert Chen
AU  - Roi Cohen Kadosh
AU  - Lukas Diedrich
AU  - Giordano D’Urso
AU  - Roberta Ferrucci
AU  - Saša R Filipović
AU  - Paul B Fitzgerald
AU  - Agnes Flöel
AU  - Flavio Fröhlich
AU  - Mark S George
AU  - Roy H. Hamilton
AU  - Jens Haueisen
AU  - Mark Hallett
AU  - Christoph S Herrmann
AU  - Friedhelm C Hummel
AU  - Shapour Jaberzadeh
AU  - Berthold Langguth
AU  - Michal Lavidor
AU  - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
AU  - Carlo Miniussi
AU  - Vera Moliadze
AU  - Mika Nikander
AU  - Stevan Nikolin
AU  - Michael A Nitsche
AU  - Alexander Opitz
AU  - Jacinta O’Shea
AU  - Frank Padberg
AU  - Christian Plewnia
AU  - Alberto Priori
AU  - Perianen Ramasawmy
AU  - Lais B Razza
AU  - Simone Rossi
AU  - John Rothwell
AU  - Maria A Rueger
AU  - Giulio Ruffini
AU  - Alexander T Sack
AU  - Ricardo Salvador
AU  - Klaus Schellhorn
AU  - Teresa Schuhmann
AU  - Yuichiro Shirota
AU  - Hartwig Roman Siebner
AU  - Axel Thielscher
AU  - Yoshikazu Ugawa
AU  - Susanne Uusitalo
AU  - Anna Wexler
AU  - Walter Paulus
AU  - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
AU  - Vincent Van Waes
AU  - Maximilian J Wessel
AU  - Miles Wischnewski
AU  - Chris Baeken
AU  - Ulf Ziemann
PY  - 2026
JO  - Clinical Neurophysiology
DO  - 10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436
ER  -

APA

Antal, A., Bjekić, J., Ganho-Ávila, A., Alekseichuk, I., Assecondi, S., Bergmann, T. O., Bikson, M., Brunelin, J., Brunoni, A. R., Charvet, L., Chen, R., Kadosh, R. C., Diedrich, L., D’Urso, G., Ferrucci, R., Filipović, S. R., Fitzgerald, P. B., Flöel, A., Fröhlich, F., George, M. S., Hamilton, R. H., Haueisen, J., Hallett, M., Herrmann, C. S., Hummel, F. C., Jaberzadeh, S., Langguth, B., Lavidor, M., Lefaucheur, J., Miniussi, C., Moliadze, V., Nikander, M., Nikolin, S., Nitsche, M. A., Opitz, A., O’Shea, J., Padberg, F., Plewnia, C., Priori, A., Ramasawmy, P., Razza, L. B., Rossi, S., Rothwell, J., Rueger, M. A., Ruffini, G., Sack, A. T., Salvador, R., Schellhorn, K., Schuhmann, T., Shirota, Y., Siebner, H. R., Thielscher, A., Ugawa, Y., Uusitalo, S., Wexler, A., Paulus, W., Vanderhasselt, M., Waes, V. V., Wessel, M. J., Wischnewski, M., Baeken, C., & Ziemann, U. (2026). Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN). Clinical Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436

Source records

crossref · retrieved 2026-09-25T10:51:48.733Z