The Leeuwenhoek paradox in dental artificial intelligence: A narrative review of artificial intelligence-detected subclinical periapical changes and human-labeled false positives.

Schnurr E, Parra M, Kim DM

DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498
Published: 2026
Container: Journal of dental sciences
Publisher: Not recorded
Open access: yes

Credibility signals

limited evidence Score 45/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

cautionDOI registered: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
cautionDOI resolves: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
supportingOpen access status: Normalized open-access status: open. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
cautionMetadata completeness: 5 of 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present; missing fields increase uncertainty. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498,
  title = {The Leeuwenhoek paradox in dental artificial intelligence: A narrative review of artificial intelligence-detected subclinical periapical changes and human-labeled false positives.},
  author = {Schnurr E and Parra M and Kim DM},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Journal of dental sciences},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Leeuwenhoek paradox in dental artificial intelligence: A narrative review of artificial intelligence-detected subclinical periapical changes and human-labeled false positives.
AU  - Schnurr E
AU  - Parra M
AU  - Kim DM
PY  - 2026
JO  - Journal of dental sciences
DO  - 10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498
ER  -

APA

E, S., M, P., & DM, K. (2026). The Leeuwenhoek paradox in dental artificial intelligence: A narrative review of artificial intelligence-detected subclinical periapical changes and human-labeled false positives.. Journal of dental sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2025.07.3498

Source records

pubmed · retrieved 2026-09-25T07:44:30.627Z