The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?

Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. Osborne

Open source

DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
Published: 2017-01
Container: Technological Forecasting and Social Change
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Open access: unknown

Credibility signals

uncertain Score 64/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

supportingDOI registered: A matching record was returned by Crossref. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
supportingDOI resolves: A matching record was returned by Crossref. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredOpen access status: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
supportingMetadata completeness: All 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019,
  title = {The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?},
  author = {Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
  doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
AU  - Carl Benedikt Frey
AU  - Michael A. Osborne
PY  - 2017
JO  - Technological Forecasting and Social Change
DO  - 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
ER  -

APA

Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019

Source records

crossref · retrieved 2026-09-24T20:39:43.160Z