The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 1990–2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050

Tomislav Mestrovic, Mohsen Naghavi, Gisela Robles Aguilar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Lucien R Swetschinski, Eve E Wool, Daniel T Araki, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Authia Gray B, Chieh Han, Kevin S Ikuta, Emily Rosenblad, Hasan Aalruz, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Armita Abedi, Hassan Abolhassani, Salahdein Aburuz, Saira Afzal, Aqeel Ahmad, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Abid Ali, Zahid Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Sabah Al-Marwani, Omar Almidani, Rami H Al-Rifai, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Karem H Alzoubi, Jessica Andretta Mendes, Jason R Andrews, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sina Azadnajafabad, Shahkaar Aziz, Khalil Azizian, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Zarrin Basharat, Neeraj Bedi, James A Berkley, Natalia V Bhattacharjee, Colin Stewart Brown, Yasser Bustanji, Ben S Cooper, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Christiane Dolecek, Tim Eckmanns, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Christelle Elias, Sally Ellis, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Babak Eshrati, Ayesha Fahim, Ali Fatehizadeh, Muhammed Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya, Alireza Feizkhah, Denise O Garrett, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Konstantinos Giannakis, Rasool Haddadi, Mostafa Hadei, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Samer Hamidi, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Rumina Syeda Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck, Simon Hay B, C, Kamal Hezam, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Rebecca L Hsu, Nawfal R Hussein, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu, Faisal Ismail, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Mahsa Jalili, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Elham Jamshidi, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Zul Kamal, Hengameh Kasraei, Faham Khamesipour, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Suwimon Khusuwan, Mohammed Kuddus, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Omar Makram DE, DF, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Florian Marks, Barney McManigal, Ziad Ahmed Memish, Muayad Aghali Merza, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Ali H Mokdad, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Catrin E Moore, Yousef Moradi, Parsa Mousavi, Florence Neema Mturi, Muhammad Muzaffar, Pirouz Naghavi, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Shumaila Nargus, Zuhair Natto EA, EB, Javaid Nauman, Muhammad Naveed, Robina Khan Niazi, Peter Olwoch, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Simone Perna, Andrew John Pollard, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Hazem Ramadan, Elrashdy Redwan, Inayat Ur Rehman, Luis Felipe Reyes, Victor D Rosenthal, Tilleye Runghien, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Umar Saeed, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Morteza Saki, Zikria Saleem, Mohamed A Saleh, Abdallah M Samy, Benn Sartorius, Mahan Shafie, Humaira Shah, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Sadia Shakoor, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Amin Sharifan, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Eric A F Simões, Georgia Smith, Sameh S M Soliman, Andy Stergachis, Shima Tabatabai, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Reem Temsah, Samar Tharwat, Caroline Tigoi, Irfan Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Stein Emil Vollset, Yasir Waheed, Judd Walson GI, Muhammad Waqas, Phoebe CM Williams, Sajad Yaghoubi, Chun-Wei Yuan, Fathiah Zakham, Iman Zare, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Christopher J L Murray

Open source

DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4
Published: 2025-11
Container: The Lancet Public Health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Open access: unknown

Credibility signals

uncertain Score 64/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

supportingDOI registered: A matching record was returned by Crossref. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
supportingDOI resolves: A matching record was returned by Crossref. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredOpen access status: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
supportingMetadata completeness: All 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1016/s2468-2667-25-00201-4,
  title = {The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 1990–2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050},
  author = {Tomislav Mestrovic and Mohsen Naghavi and Gisela Robles Aguilar and Nicole Davis Weaver and Lucien R Swetschinski and Eve E Wool and Daniel T Araki and Anna Gershberg Hayoon and Authia Gray B and Chieh Han and Kevin S Ikuta and Emily Rosenblad and Hasan Aalruz and Sherief Abd-Elsalam and Armita Abedi and Hassan Abolhassani and Salahdein Aburuz and Saira Afzal and Aqeel Ahmad and Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade and Ayman Ahmed and Haroon Ahmed and Abid Ali and Zahid Ali and Liaqat Ali and Syed Shujait Ali and Sabah Al-Marwani and Omar Almidani and Rami H Al-Rifai and Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq and Karem H Alzoubi and Jessica Andretta Mendes and Jason R Andrews and Jalal Arabloo and Mosab Arafat and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout and Sina Azadnajafabad and Shahkaar Aziz and Khalil Azizian and Hiba Jawdat Barqawi and Zarrin Basharat and Neeraj Bedi and James A Berkley and Natalia V Bhattacharjee and Colin Stewart Brown and Yasser Bustanji and Ben S Cooper and Nihar Ranjan Dash and Christiane Dolecek and Tim Eckmanns and Abdelaziz Ed-Dra and Iman El Sayed and Muhammed Elhadi and Waseem El-Huneidi and Christelle Elias and Sally Ellis and Ibrahim Elsohaby and Babak Eshrati and Ayesha Fahim and Ali Fatehizadeh and Muhammed Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya and Alireza Feizkhah and Denise O Garrett and Ramy Mohamed Ghazy and Sama Ghoba and Konstantinos Giannakis and Rasool Haddadi and Mostafa Hadei and Sobia Ahsan Halim and Samer Hamidi and Ahmed I Hasaballah and Rumina Syeda Hasan and Hamidreza Hasani and Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck and Simon Hay B, C and Kamal Hezam and Mehdi Hosseinzadeh and Rebecca L Hsu and Nawfal R Hussein and Mohammad Tarique Imam and Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu and Faisal Ismail and Abdollah Jafarzadeh and Mahsa Jalili and Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh and Elham Jamshidi and Nabi Jomehzadeh and Zul Kamal and Hengameh Kasraei and Faham Khamesipour and Feriha Fatima Khidri and Suwimon Khusuwan and Mohammed Kuddus and Hmwe Hmwe Kyu and Mansour Adam Mahmoud and Omar Makram DE, DF and Elaheh Malakan Rad and Florian Marks and Barney McManigal and Ziad Ahmed Memish and Muayad Aghali Merza and Nouh Saad Mohamed and Ali H Mokdad and AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf and Catrin E Moore and Yousef Moradi and Parsa Mousavi and Florence Neema Mturi and Muhammad Muzaffar and Pirouz Naghavi and Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen and Shumaila Nargus and Zuhair Natto EA, EB and Javaid Nauman and Muhammad Naveed and Robina Khan Niazi and Peter Olwoch and Aslam Ramjan Pathan and Simone Perna and Andrew John Pollard and Nameer Hashim Qasim and Fakher Rahim and Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Hazem Ramadan and Elrashdy Redwan and Inayat Ur Rehman and Luis Felipe Reyes and Victor D Rosenthal and Tilleye Runghien and Basema Ahmad Saddik and Umar Saeed and Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari and Amirhossein Sahebkar and Morteza Saki and Zikria Saleem and Mohamed A Saleh and Abdallah M Samy and Benn Sartorius and Mahan Shafie and Humaira Shah and Samiah Shahid and Moyad Jamal Shahwan and Sadia Shakoor and Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran and Amin Sharifan and Emmanuel Edwar Siddig and Eric A F Simões and Georgia Smith and Sameh S M Soliman and Andy Stergachis and Shima Tabatabai and Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee and Reem Temsah and Samar Tharwat and Caroline Tigoi and Irfan Ullah and Saeed Ullah and Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan and Stein Emil Vollset and Yasir Waheed and Judd Walson GI and Muhammad Waqas and Phoebe CM Williams and Sajad Yaghoubi and Chun-Wei Yuan and Fathiah Zakham and Iman Zare and Mohammed G M Zeariya and Christopher J L Murray},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {The Lancet Public Health},
  doi = {10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 1990–2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050
AU  - Tomislav Mestrovic
AU  - Mohsen Naghavi
AU  - Gisela Robles Aguilar
AU  - Nicole Davis Weaver
AU  - Lucien R Swetschinski
AU  - Eve E Wool
AU  - Daniel T Araki
AU  - Anna Gershberg Hayoon
AU  - Authia Gray B
AU  - Chieh Han
AU  - Kevin S Ikuta
AU  - Emily Rosenblad
AU  - Hasan Aalruz
AU  - Sherief Abd-Elsalam
AU  - Armita Abedi
AU  - Hassan Abolhassani
AU  - Salahdein Aburuz
AU  - Saira Afzal
AU  - Aqeel Ahmad
AU  - Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade
AU  - Ayman Ahmed
AU  - Haroon Ahmed
AU  - Abid Ali
AU  - Zahid Ali
AU  - Liaqat Ali
AU  - Syed Shujait Ali
AU  - Sabah Al-Marwani
AU  - Omar Almidani
AU  - Rami H Al-Rifai
AU  - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
AU  - Karem H Alzoubi
AU  - Jessica Andretta Mendes
AU  - Jason R Andrews
AU  - Jalal Arabloo
AU  - Mosab Arafat
AU  - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
AU  - Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout
AU  - Sina Azadnajafabad
AU  - Shahkaar Aziz
AU  - Khalil Azizian
AU  - Hiba Jawdat Barqawi
AU  - Zarrin Basharat
AU  - Neeraj Bedi
AU  - James A Berkley
AU  - Natalia V Bhattacharjee
AU  - Colin Stewart Brown
AU  - Yasser Bustanji
AU  - Ben S Cooper
AU  - Nihar Ranjan Dash
AU  - Christiane Dolecek
AU  - Tim Eckmanns
AU  - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
AU  - Iman El Sayed
AU  - Muhammed Elhadi
AU  - Waseem El-Huneidi
AU  - Christelle Elias
AU  - Sally Ellis
AU  - Ibrahim Elsohaby
AU  - Babak Eshrati
AU  - Ayesha Fahim
AU  - Ali Fatehizadeh
AU  - Muhammed Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya
AU  - Alireza Feizkhah
AU  - Denise O Garrett
AU  - Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
AU  - Sama Ghoba
AU  - Konstantinos Giannakis
AU  - Rasool Haddadi
AU  - Mostafa Hadei
AU  - Sobia Ahsan Halim
AU  - Samer Hamidi
AU  - Ahmed I Hasaballah
AU  - Rumina Syeda Hasan
AU  - Hamidreza Hasani
AU  - Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck
AU  - Simon Hay B, C
AU  - Kamal Hezam
AU  - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
AU  - Rebecca L Hsu
AU  - Nawfal R Hussein
AU  - Mohammad Tarique Imam
AU  - Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu
AU  - Faisal Ismail
AU  - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
AU  - Mahsa Jalili
AU  - Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh
AU  - Elham Jamshidi
AU  - Nabi Jomehzadeh
AU  - Zul Kamal
AU  - Hengameh Kasraei
AU  - Faham Khamesipour
AU  - Feriha Fatima Khidri
AU  - Suwimon Khusuwan
AU  - Mohammed Kuddus
AU  - Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
AU  - Mansour Adam Mahmoud
AU  - Omar Makram DE, DF
AU  - Elaheh Malakan Rad
AU  - Florian Marks
AU  - Barney McManigal
AU  - Ziad Ahmed Memish
AU  - Muayad Aghali Merza
AU  - Nouh Saad Mohamed
AU  - Ali H Mokdad
AU  - AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf
AU  - Catrin E Moore
AU  - Yousef Moradi
AU  - Parsa Mousavi
AU  - Florence Neema Mturi
AU  - Muhammad Muzaffar
AU  - Pirouz Naghavi
AU  - Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen
AU  - Shumaila Nargus
AU  - Zuhair Natto EA, EB
AU  - Javaid Nauman
AU  - Muhammad Naveed
AU  - Robina Khan Niazi
AU  - Peter Olwoch
AU  - Aslam Ramjan Pathan
AU  - Simone Perna
AU  - Andrew John Pollard
AU  - Nameer Hashim Qasim
AU  - Fakher Rahim
AU  - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
AU  - Hazem Ramadan
AU  - Elrashdy Redwan
AU  - Inayat Ur Rehman
AU  - Luis Felipe Reyes
AU  - Victor D Rosenthal
AU  - Tilleye Runghien
AU  - Basema Ahmad Saddik
AU  - Umar Saeed
AU  - Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
AU  - Amirhossein Sahebkar
AU  - Morteza Saki
AU  - Zikria Saleem
AU  - Mohamed A Saleh
AU  - Abdallah M Samy
AU  - Benn Sartorius
AU  - Mahan Shafie
AU  - Humaira Shah
AU  - Samiah Shahid
AU  - Moyad Jamal Shahwan
AU  - Sadia Shakoor
AU  - Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran
AU  - Amin Sharifan
AU  - Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
AU  - Eric A F Simões
AU  - Georgia Smith
AU  - Sameh S M Soliman
AU  - Andy Stergachis
AU  - Shima Tabatabai
AU  - Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
AU  - Reem Temsah
AU  - Samar Tharwat
AU  - Caroline Tigoi
AU  - Irfan Ullah
AU  - Saeed Ullah
AU  - Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan
AU  - Stein Emil Vollset
AU  - Yasir Waheed
AU  - Judd Walson GI
AU  - Muhammad Waqas
AU  - Phoebe CM Williams
AU  - Sajad Yaghoubi
AU  - Chun-Wei Yuan
AU  - Fathiah Zakham
AU  - Iman Zare
AU  - Mohammed G M Zeariya
AU  - Christopher J L Murray
PY  - 2025
JO  - The Lancet Public Health
DO  - 10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4
ER  -

APA

Mestrovic, T., Naghavi, M., Aguilar, G. R., Weaver, N. D., Swetschinski, L. R., Wool, E. E., Araki, D. T., Hayoon, A. G., B, A. G., Han, C., Ikuta, K. S., Rosenblad, E., Aalruz, H., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Aburuz, S., Afzal, S., Ahmad, A., Ahmadzade, A. M., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, H., Ali, A., Ali, Z., Ali, L., Ali, S. S., Al-Marwani, S., Almidani, O., Al-Rifai, R. H., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Alzoubi, K. H., Mendes, J. A., Andrews, J. R., Arabloo, J., Arafat, M., Athari, S. S., Atout, M. M. W., Azadnajafabad, S., Aziz, S., Azizian, K., Barqawi, H. J., Basharat, Z., Bedi, N., Berkley, J. A., Bhattacharjee, N. V., Brown, C. S., Bustanji, Y., Cooper, B. S., Dash, N. R., Dolecek, C., Eckmanns, T., Ed-Dra, A., Sayed, I. E., Elhadi, M., El-Huneidi, W., Elias, C., Ellis, S., Elsohaby, I., Eshrati, B., Fahim, A., Fatehizadeh, A., Koya, M. S. F., Feizkhah, A., Garrett, D. O., Ghazy, R. M., Ghoba, S., Giannakis, K., Haddadi, R., Hadei, M., Halim, S. A., Hamidi, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, R. S., Hasani, H., Haselbeck, A. H., C, S. H. B., Hezam, K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hsu, R. L., Hussein, N. R., Imam, M. T., Iregbu, K. C., Ismail, F., Jafarzadeh, A., Jalili, M., Yengejeh, R. J., Jamshidi, E., Jomehzadeh, N., Kamal, Z., Kasraei, H., Khamesipour, F., Khidri, F. F., Khusuwan, S., Kuddus, M., Kyu, H. H., Mahmoud, M. A., DF, O. M. D., Rad, E. M., Marks, F., McManigal, B., Memish, Z. A., Merza, M. A., Mohamed, N. S., Mokdad, A. H., Ghalibaf, A. M., Moore, C. E., Moradi, Y., Mousavi, P., Mturi, F. N., Muzaffar, M., Naghavi, P., Najmuldeen, H. H. R., Nargus, S., EB, Z. N. E., Nauman, J., Naveed, M., Niazi, R. K., Olwoch, P., Pathan, A. R., Perna, S., Pollard, A. J., Qasim, N. H., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ramadan, H., Redwan, E., Rehman, I. U., Reyes, L. F., Rosenthal, V. D., Runghien, T., Saddik, B. A., Saeed, U., Sharif-Askari, N. S., Sahebkar, A., Saki, M., Saleem, Z., Saleh, M. A., Samy, A. M., Sartorius, B., Shafie, M., Shah, H., Shahid, S., Shahwan, M. J., Shakoor, S., Shamshirgaran, M. A., Sharifan, A., Siddig, E. E., Simões, E. A. F., Smith, G., Soliman, S. S. M., Stergachis, A., Tabatabai, S., Oliaee, R. T., Temsah, R., Tharwat, S., Tigoi, C., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Vaithinathan, A. G., Vollset, S. E., Waheed, Y., GI, J. W., Waqas, M., Williams, P. C., Yaghoubi, S., Yuan, C., Zakham, F., Zare, I., Zeariya, M. G. M., & Murray, C. J. L. (2025). The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 1990–2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00201-4

Source records

crossref · retrieved 2026-09-25T23:13:24.794Z