How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.

Appel RE, Kim YM, Pan J, Xu Y, Nimmo B, Thomas DR, Allcott H, Barberá P, Brown T, Crespo-Tenorio A, Dimmery D, Freelon D, Gentzkow M, González-Bailón S, Guess AM, Iyengar S, Lazer D, Malhotra N, Moehler D, Nyhan B, Settle J, Thorson E, Tromble R, Velasco Rivera C, Wilkins A, Wojcieszak M, Xiong B, Kiewiet de Jonge C, Franco A, Mason W, Stroud NJ, Tucker JA

Open source

DOI: 10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2
Published: 2026 Jun
Container: Nature human behaviour
Publisher: Not recorded
Open access: unknown

Credibility signals

limited evidence Score 43/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

cautionDOI registered: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
cautionDOI resolves: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredOpen access status: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
cautionMetadata completeness: 5 of 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present; missing fields increase uncertainty. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2,
  title = {How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.},
  author = {Appel RE and Kim YM and Pan J and Xu Y and Nimmo B and Thomas DR and Allcott H and Barberá P and Brown T and Crespo-Tenorio A and Dimmery D and Freelon D and Gentzkow M and González-Bailón S and Guess AM and Iyengar S and Lazer D and Malhotra N and Moehler D and Nyhan B and Settle J and Thorson E and Tromble R and Velasco Rivera C and Wilkins A and Wojcieszak M and Xiong B and Kiewiet de Jonge C and Franco A and Mason W and Stroud NJ and Tucker JA},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Nature human behaviour},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.
AU  - Appel RE
AU  - Kim YM
AU  - Pan J
AU  - Xu Y
AU  - Nimmo B
AU  - Thomas DR
AU  - Allcott H
AU  - Barberá P
AU  - Brown T
AU  - Crespo-Tenorio A
AU  - Dimmery D
AU  - Freelon D
AU  - Gentzkow M
AU  - González-Bailón S
AU  - Guess AM
AU  - Iyengar S
AU  - Lazer D
AU  - Malhotra N
AU  - Moehler D
AU  - Nyhan B
AU  - Settle J
AU  - Thorson E
AU  - Tromble R
AU  - Velasco Rivera C
AU  - Wilkins A
AU  - Wojcieszak M
AU  - Xiong B
AU  - Kiewiet de Jonge C
AU  - Franco A
AU  - Mason W
AU  - Stroud NJ
AU  - Tucker JA
PY  - 2026
JO  - Nature human behaviour
DO  - 10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2
ER  -

APA

RE, A., YM, K., J, P., Y, X., B, N., DR, T., H, A., P, B., T, B., A, C., D, D., D, F., M, G., S, G., AM, G., S, I., D, L., N, M., D, M., B, N., J, S., E, T., R, T., C, V. R., A, W., M, W., B, X., C, K. D. J., A, F., W, M., NJ, S., & JA, T. (2026). How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.. Nature human behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02435-2

Source records

pubmed · retrieved 2026-09-25T08:36:19.414Z