The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations

Eugene Malthouse, Charlie Pilgrim, Daniel Sgroi, Michela Accerenzi, Antonio Alfonso, Rana Umair Ashraf, Max Baard, Sanchayan Banerjee, Alexis Belianin, Swagata Bhattacharjee, Mihir Bhattacharya, Pablo Brañas-Garza, Juan-Camilo Cárdenas, Miguel Carriquiry, Syngjoo Choi, Gwen-Jiro Clochard, Eduardo Ezekiel Denzon, Bartlomiej Dessoulavy-Sliwinski, Giorgio Dini, Lu Dong, Antal Ertl, Filippos Exadaktylos, Emel Filiz-Ozbay, Sarah Lynn Flecke, Fabio Galeotti, Teresa Garcia-Muñoz, Nobuyuki Hanaki, Guillaume Hollard, Daniel Horn, Lingbo Huang, Doruk İriş, Hubert Janos Kiss, Juliane Koch, Jaromír Kovářík, Osbert Kwabena Boadi Kwarteng, Andreas Lange, Martin Leites, Thomas Ho-Fung Leung, Wooyoung Lim, Meike Morren, Laila Nockur, Charles Yaw Okyere, Mayada Oudah, Ali I. Ozkes, Lionel Page, Junghyun Park, Stefan Pfattheicher, Antonios Proestakis, Carlos Ramos, Mapi Ramos-Sosa, Muhammad Saeed Ashraf, Muhammad Ryan Sanjaya, Rene Schwaiger, Omar Sene, Fei Song, Sarah Spycher, Rostislav Staněk, Norman Tanchingco, Alessandro Tavoni, Vera te Velde, María José Vázquez-De Francisco, Martine Visser, Joseph Tao-Yi Wang, Willy Wang, Wei-Chien Weng, Katharina Werner, Amanda Wijayanti, Ralph Winkler, John Wooders, Li Ying, Wei Zhen, Thomas Hills

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DOI
10.1073/pnas.2504632123
Published
2026-03-20
Container
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Open access
unknown

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BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1073/pnas.2504632123,
  title = {The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations},
  author = {Eugene Malthouse and Charlie Pilgrim and Daniel Sgroi and Michela Accerenzi and Antonio Alfonso and Rana Umair Ashraf and Max Baard and Sanchayan Banerjee and Alexis Belianin and Swagata Bhattacharjee and Mihir Bhattacharya and Pablo Brañas-Garza and Juan-Camilo Cárdenas and Miguel Carriquiry and Syngjoo Choi and Gwen-Jiro Clochard and Eduardo Ezekiel Denzon and Bartlomiej Dessoulavy-Sliwinski and Giorgio Dini and Lu Dong and Antal Ertl and Filippos Exadaktylos and Emel Filiz-Ozbay and Sarah Lynn Flecke and Fabio Galeotti and Teresa Garcia-Muñoz and Nobuyuki Hanaki and Guillaume Hollard and Daniel Horn and Lingbo Huang and Doruk İriş and Hubert Janos Kiss and Juliane Koch and Jaromír Kovářík and Osbert Kwabena Boadi Kwarteng and Andreas Lange and Martin Leites and Thomas Ho-Fung Leung and Wooyoung Lim and Meike Morren and Laila Nockur and Charles Yaw Okyere and Mayada Oudah and Ali I. Ozkes and Lionel Page and Junghyun Park and Stefan Pfattheicher and Antonios Proestakis and Carlos Ramos and Mapi Ramos-Sosa and Muhammad Saeed Ashraf and Muhammad Ryan Sanjaya and Rene Schwaiger and Omar Sene and Fei Song and Sarah Spycher and Rostislav Staněk and Norman Tanchingco and Alessandro Tavoni and Vera te Velde and María José Vázquez-De Francisco and Martine Visser and Joseph Tao-Yi Wang and Willy Wang and Wei-Chien Weng and Katharina Werner and Amanda Wijayanti and Ralph Winkler and John Wooders and Li Ying and Wei Zhen and Thomas Hills},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2504632123},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504632123}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations
AU  - Eugene Malthouse
AU  - Charlie Pilgrim
AU  - Daniel Sgroi
AU  - Michela Accerenzi
AU  - Antonio Alfonso
AU  - Rana Umair Ashraf
AU  - Max Baard
AU  - Sanchayan Banerjee
AU  - Alexis Belianin
AU  - Swagata Bhattacharjee
AU  - Mihir Bhattacharya
AU  - Pablo Brañas-Garza
AU  - Juan-Camilo Cárdenas
AU  - Miguel Carriquiry
AU  - Syngjoo Choi
AU  - Gwen-Jiro Clochard
AU  - Eduardo Ezekiel Denzon
AU  - Bartlomiej Dessoulavy-Sliwinski
AU  - Giorgio Dini
AU  - Lu Dong
AU  - Antal Ertl
AU  - Filippos Exadaktylos
AU  - Emel Filiz-Ozbay
AU  - Sarah Lynn Flecke
AU  - Fabio Galeotti
AU  - Teresa Garcia-Muñoz
AU  - Nobuyuki Hanaki
AU  - Guillaume Hollard
AU  - Daniel Horn
AU  - Lingbo Huang
AU  - Doruk İriş
AU  - Hubert Janos Kiss
AU  - Juliane Koch
AU  - Jaromír Kovářík
AU  - Osbert Kwabena Boadi Kwarteng
AU  - Andreas Lange
AU  - Martin Leites
AU  - Thomas Ho-Fung Leung
AU  - Wooyoung Lim
AU  - Meike Morren
AU  - Laila Nockur
AU  - Charles Yaw Okyere
AU  - Mayada Oudah
AU  - Ali I. Ozkes
AU  - Lionel Page
AU  - Junghyun Park
AU  - Stefan Pfattheicher
AU  - Antonios Proestakis
AU  - Carlos Ramos
AU  - Mapi Ramos-Sosa
AU  - Muhammad Saeed Ashraf
AU  - Muhammad Ryan Sanjaya
AU  - Rene Schwaiger
AU  - Omar Sene
AU  - Fei Song
AU  - Sarah Spycher
AU  - Rostislav Staněk
AU  - Norman Tanchingco
AU  - Alessandro Tavoni
AU  - Vera te Velde
AU  - María José Vázquez-De Francisco
AU  - Martine Visser
AU  - Joseph Tao-Yi Wang
AU  - Willy Wang
AU  - Wei-Chien Weng
AU  - Katharina Werner
AU  - Amanda Wijayanti
AU  - Ralph Winkler
AU  - John Wooders
AU  - Li Ying
AU  - Wei Zhen
AU  - Thomas Hills
PY  - 2026
JO  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.2504632123
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504632123
ER  - 

APA

Malthouse, E., Pilgrim, C., Sgroi, D., Accerenzi, M., Alfonso, A., Ashraf, R. U., Baard, M., Banerjee, S., Belianin, A., Bhattacharjee, S., Bhattacharya, M., Brañas-Garza, P., Cárdenas, J., Carriquiry, M., Choi, S., Clochard, G., Denzon, E. E., Dessoulavy-Sliwinski, B., Dini, G., Dong, L., Ertl, A., Exadaktylos, F., Filiz-Ozbay, E., Flecke, S. L., Galeotti, F., Garcia-Muñoz, T., Hanaki, N., Hollard, G., Horn, D., Huang, L., İriş, D., Kiss, H. J., Koch, J., Kovářík, J., Kwarteng, O. K. B., Lange, A., Leites, M., Leung, T. H., Lim, W., Morren, M., Nockur, L., Okyere, C. Y., Oudah, M., Ozkes, A. I., Page, L., Park, J., Pfattheicher, S., Proestakis, A., Ramos, C., Ramos-Sosa, M., Ashraf, M. S., Sanjaya, M. R., Schwaiger, R., Sene, O., Song, F., Spycher, S., Staněk, R., Tanchingco, N., Tavoni, A., Velde, V. T., Francisco, M. J. V., Visser, M., Wang, J. T., Wang, W., Weng, W., Werner, K., Wijayanti, A., Winkler, R., Wooders, J., Ying, L., Zhen, W., & Hills, T. (2026). The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504632123

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