Pairwise and three-country comparisons of high and low COVID-19 vaccination rates in 12 African countries: a mixed-method study protocol.

Ezezika O, Sonko B, Olorunbiyi O, Amponsah-Dacosta E, Ameyaw EK, Omwenga EO, Kandala NB, Djuidje-Ngounoue M, Raimi M, Surakat O, Ariyo O, Malande OO, Mong'are S, Demi SM, Ndodo N, Quibrantar S, Kishif F, Abdullahi M, Edor J, Elemuwa C, Obiageli N, Ogunwale AO, Nakatugga RA, Zelalem M, Luginaah IN

Open source

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816
Published: 2026 Jun 30
Container: BMJ open
Publisher: Not recorded
Open access: yes

Credibility signals

limited evidence Score 45/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

cautionDOI registered: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
cautionDOI resolves: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
supportingOpen access status: Normalized open-access status: open. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
cautionMetadata completeness: 5 of 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present; missing fields increase uncertainty. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816,
  title = {Pairwise and three-country comparisons of high and low COVID-19 vaccination rates in 12 African countries: a mixed-method study protocol.},
  author = {Ezezika O and Sonko B and Olorunbiyi O and Amponsah-Dacosta E and Ameyaw EK and Omwenga EO and Kandala NB and Djuidje-Ngounoue M and Raimi M and Surakat O and Ariyo O and Malande OO and Mong'are S and Demi SM and Ndodo N and Quibrantar S and Kishif F and Abdullahi M and Edor J and Elemuwa C and Obiageli N and Ogunwale AO and Nakatugga RA and Zelalem M and Luginaah IN},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {BMJ open},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Pairwise and three-country comparisons of high and low COVID-19 vaccination rates in 12 African countries: a mixed-method study protocol.
AU  - Ezezika O
AU  - Sonko B
AU  - Olorunbiyi O
AU  - Amponsah-Dacosta E
AU  - Ameyaw EK
AU  - Omwenga EO
AU  - Kandala NB
AU  - Djuidje-Ngounoue M
AU  - Raimi M
AU  - Surakat O
AU  - Ariyo O
AU  - Malande OO
AU  - Mong'are S
AU  - Demi SM
AU  - Ndodo N
AU  - Quibrantar S
AU  - Kishif F
AU  - Abdullahi M
AU  - Edor J
AU  - Elemuwa C
AU  - Obiageli N
AU  - Ogunwale AO
AU  - Nakatugga RA
AU  - Zelalem M
AU  - Luginaah IN
PY  - 2026
JO  - BMJ open
DO  - 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816
ER  -

APA

O, E., B, S., O, O., E, A., EK, A., EO, O., NB, K., M, D., M, R., O, S., O, A., OO, M., S, M., SM, D., N, N., S, Q., F, K., M, A., J, E., C, E., N, O., AO, O., RA, N., M, Z., & IN, L. (2026). Pairwise and three-country comparisons of high and low COVID-19 vaccination rates in 12 African countries: a mixed-method study protocol.. BMJ open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114816

Source records

pubmed · retrieved 2026-09-25T23:51:47.156Z