Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.

Shah K, Khan MI, Guo Y, Adnan M, Wu H

DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294
Published: 2026
Container: Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
Publisher: Not recorded
Open access: yes

Credibility signals

limited evidence Score 45/100 under policy 1.0.0. This is a metadata assessment, not a judgment of the paper's conclusions.

Show all credibility signals

cautionDOI registered: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
cautionDOI resolves: No matching Crossref record was present in this response. Source: Crossref; license: CC0 metadata
not scoredDirectory of Open Access Journals: No matching DOAJ record was present in this response. No allow-list match; this is not evidence of low credibility. Source: DOAJ; license: CC0
not scoredMEDLINE indexed: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredOpenAlex core source: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredKnown publisher allow-list: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredROR affiliation: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredRetraction Watch retraction: No retraction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch expression of concern: No expression of concern notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch correction: No correction notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
not scoredRetraction Watch reinstatement: No reinstatement notice matched this DOI in the deployed snapshot. No matching event found; coverage may be incomplete. Source: Retraction Watch; license: CC BY 4.0
supportingOpen access status: Normalized open-access status: open. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
not scoredPublication license: Not checked or no result supplied; no credibility inference made. Source: No authority result supplied; license: Unknown
not scoredPublication version: A publication version was supplied but is not scored. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer
cautionMetadata completeness: 5 of 6 scored descriptive metadata groups are present; missing fields increase uncertainty. Source: Normalized work metadata; license: Caller-provided; provenance license not supplied to scorer

Cite this work

BibTeX

@article{allodium:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294,
  title = {Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.},
  author = {Shah K and Khan MI and Guo Y and Adnan M and Wu H},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology},
  doi = {10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.
AU  - Shah K
AU  - Khan MI
AU  - Guo Y
AU  - Adnan M
AU  - Wu H
PY  - 2026
JO  - Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
DO  - 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294
ER  -

APA

K, S., MI, K., Y, G., M, A., & H, W. (2026). Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1805294

Source records

pubmed · retrieved 2026-11-10T10:22:47.795Z